1. Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Pain1

Kyung-Hoon Kim, MD, PhD, and Daniel H. Kim, MD, FACS

2. Current Understanding of Spinal Pain and the Nomenclature of Lumbar Disc Pathology29

Kyung-Hoon Kim, MD, PhD, and Inn-Se Kim, MD, PhD

3. Radiologic Anatomy of the Spine46

Hak-Jin Kim, MD, PhD

4. Imaging Diagnosis of the Degenerative Spine58

5. Epidural Blocks111

Kyung-Hoon Kim, MD, PhD, and Jae-Young Kwon, MD, PhD

6. Transforaminal Epidural Block and Selective Nerve Root Block124

Sang-Sik Choi, MD, and Yong-Chul Kim, MD, PhD

7. Dorsal Root Ganglion Pulsed Radiofrequency Lesioning139

Sang-Sik Choi, MD, and Yong-Chul Kim, MD, PhD

8. Medial Branch Block and Radiofrequency Lesioning151

Yong-Chul Kim, MD, PhD

9. Atlantooccipital and Atlantoaxial Joint Block for Cervicogenic Headache166

Kyung-Hoon Kim, MD, PhD, and Seong-Wan Baik, MD, PhD

10. Sympathetic Nerve Block and Neurolysis172

Chul-Joong Lee, MD, PhD, and Sang-Chul Lee, MD, PhD

11. Sacroiliac Joint Block and Neuroablation186

Kyung-Hoon Kim, MD, PhD, and Sang-Wook Shin, MD, PhD

12. Paravertebral Block194

Sang-Sik Choi, MD, Mi-Guem Lee, MD, and Mi-Kyung, Lee, MD, PhD

13. Intervertebral Discography204

Kyung-Hoon Kim, MD, PhD, and Seung-Hun Baek, MD, PhD

14. Epiduroscopic Adhesiolysis216

Pyung-Bok Lee, MD, PhD, Seong Oh Kim, MD, and Yong-Chul Kim, MD, PhD

15. Spinal Cord Stimulation223

Chul-Joong Lee, MD, PhD, Sang-Chul Lee, MD, PhD, and Yong-Chul Kim, MD, PhD

16. Implantation of Intrathecal Drug Delivery Systems241

Pyung-Bok Lee, MD, PhD, Sang-Chul Lee, MD, PhD, and Yong-Chul Kim, MD, PhD

17. Intradiscal Therapies252

Kyung-Hoon Kim, MD, PhD, and Hae-Kyu Kim, MD, PhD

18. Kyphoplasty261

Yong-Chul Kim, MD, PhD, and Seung-Eun Shim, MD, PhD

19. Unipedicular Approach for Percutaneous Vertebroplasty272

Kyung-Hoon Kim, MD, PhD, and Tae-Kyun Kim, MD, PhD

20. Percutaneous Sacroplasty279

Kyung-Hoon Kim, MD, PhD, and Ji-Young Yoon, MD

21. Anterior Endoscopic Cervical Discectomy289

Merrill W. Reuter, MD, PhD, and Fabio P. Furieri, MD

22. Anterior Endoscopic Cervical Microdecompression of Disc and Foramen303

John Chiu, MD

23. Percutaneous Endoscopic Cervical Discectomy and Stabilization313

Sang-Ho Lee, MD, PhD, Won-Chul Choi, MD, Yong Ahn, MD, PhD, and Seung-Cheol Lee, MD

24. Endoscopy-Assisted Thoracic Microdiscectomy322

John Chiu, MD

25. Posterolateral Endoscopic Thoracic Discectomy330

Sang-Ho Lee, MD, PhD, Ho-Yeong Kang, MD, and Ho-Yeon Lee, MD, PhD

26. Selective Percutaneous Posterolateral EndoscopicLumbar Nuclectomy338

Kyung-Hoon Kim, MD, PhD, and Hyeon-Jung Lee, MD, PhD

27. Full-Endoscopic Interlaminar Lumbar Discectomyand Spinal Decompresion353

Sebastian Ruetten, MD, PhD

28. Posterior Lumbar Foraminal Decompression362

Hansjoerg Franz Leu, MD

29. Percutaneous Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Stabilization369

Sang-Ho Lee, MD, PhD, and Won-Chul Choi, MD

30. Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation376

Sang-Ho Lee, MD, PhD, Won-Gyu Choi, MD, PhD, and Sung-Bae Ban, MD

31. Percutaneous Translaminar Facet Pedicle Screw Fixation390

Chan-Shik Shim, MD, PhD, Jee-Soo Jang, MD, PhD, and Sang-Ho Lee, MD, PhD

32. Percutaneous Lumbar Restabilization via a Posterolateral Approach397

Walter Bini, MD, FRCS

33. Interspinous Spacers407

John H. Shim, MD, MBA, FACS, Jason S. Mazza, MSc, OPA-C, and Daniel H. Kim, MD, FACS

34. Lateral Percutaneous Interspinous System for the Treatment of Lumbar Stenosis415

Luiz M. Pimenta, MD, PhD, Carlos F. Arias, MD, and Leonardo Oliveira, BSc

35. Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Lumbar Fusion Technique424

John H. Shim, MD, MBA, FACS, Jason S. Mazza, MSc, OPA-C, and Daniel H. Kim, MD, FACS

36. Transaxial Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using the AxiaLIF System437

Luiz M. Pimenta, MD, PhD, Carlos F. Arias, MD, Juliano Lhamby, MD,

Leonardo Oliveira, BSc, Thomas Schaffa, MD, and Etevaldo Coutinho, MD

37. Lateral Interbody Fusion Using the XLIF System461

Luiz M. Pimenta, MD, PhD, Carlos F. Arias, MD, Juliano Lhamby, MD,

Leonardo Oliveira, BSc, Thomas Schaffa, MD, and Etevaldo Coutinho, MD

38. Outcome Measurements for Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Spine Techniques467

Kyung-Hoon Kim, MD, PhD, and Chuel-Hong Kim, MD, PhD

Index477